Analisa Motif Korupsi dalam Perspektif Psikologi Forensik: Sebuah Systematic Literature Review
Keywords:
Corruption, Forensic Psychology, Psychological Motives, Dark Triad, Moral Disengagement, Systematic Literature Review.Abstract
Corruption is a multidimensional phenomenon that is rooted not only in the weaknesses of the institutional system, but also in the individual psychological dynamics of the perpetrators. This study aims to synthesize empirical evidence regarding corruption motives from the perspective of forensic psychology through Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with the PRISMA standard guide. Through a comprehensive search of nine major academic databases, a total of 57 empirical studies published between 2008 and 2026 were extracted and analyzed. The results of the review show that the motive for corruption is psychologically driven by complex interactions between internal factors (such as Dark Triad personality, rationalization, and moral disengagement) and external factors (such as financial pressures, social norms, and cultural values). Specifically, research in Indonesia shows that rationalization and opportunity dominate corrupt decision-making. This synthesis also reveals a shift in methodological trends from quantitative surveys to in-depth experimental and qualitative approaches (grounded theory). This research provides theoretical implications in the form of the development of an integrative model of corruption motives and practical implications for forensic psychology assessment in efforts to prevent and investigate corruption crimes.
References
Amagnya, M. A. (2026). Corruption Quantum Comparison and Suspicion-Based Corruption: New Corruption Neutralization and Justification Techniques? International Criminal Justice Review, 36(1), 79-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677251361870
Amos, B., Longpré, N., & Roos, M. de. (2024). The Dark Triad of Personality: Attitudes and Beliefs Towards White-Collar Crime. Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime, 5(1), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/2631309X221120002
Agbo, A. A., & Iwundu, E. I. (2016). Corruption as a Propensity: Personality and Motivational Determinants Among Nigerians. The Journal of psychology, 150(4), 502–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2015.1107523
Albanese, J & Artello, K (2018). Focusing Anti-Corruption Efforts More Effectively: An Empirical Look at Offender MotivationPositive, Classical, Structural and Ethical Approaches. Advances in Applied Sociology. https://www.ojp.gov/library/publications/focusing-anti-corruption-efforts-more-effectively-empirical-look-offender
Albanese, J.S., & Artello, K. (2019). The Behavior of Corruption: An Empirical Typology of Public Corruption by Objective & Method. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 20, 7735.
Albrecht C, Albrecht C, Rabl T, Kühlmann TM (2009), "Why or why not? Rationalizing corruption in organizations". Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 16 No. 3 pp. 268–286, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600910977355
Ariffin, N A M., Hasnan, S., Ali, M M, Harymawan, I. (2023). The effect of pressure, opportunity, and rationalisation on asset misappropriation in public organisations: Evidence from emerging markets. Journal of Asian Scientific Research. 13 (4) https://doi.org/10.55493/5003.v13i4.4943
Barsky, A. (2011). Investigating the Effects of Moral Disengagement and Participation on Unethical Work Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics 104, 59–75 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0889-7
Bartz, L. (2025). Dark necessities: The influence of the dark triad, costs, and benefits on bribery intention. Psychology Hub, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.13133/2724-2943/18536
Bontis N, Bart C, Seleim A, Bontis N (2009), "The relationship between culture and corruption: a cross?national study". Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 10 No. 1 pp. 165–184, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930910922978
Charness, Get al. (2019). Cheating, Incentives, and Money Manipulation. Experimental Economics. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/experimental-economics/article/cheating-incentives-and-money-manipulation/EB5054276FD63AC58DFD1C4889CAB3CF
Clarkson, R., & Darjee, R. (2022). White-collar crime: a neglected area in forensic psychiatry?. Psychiatry, psychology, and law : an interdisciplinary journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 29(6), 926–952. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2021.1995522
DeSouza, M., Swanzy, E. K., & Agyabeng, A. N. (2025). Beyond the victims: The mental well-being cost of systemic corruption on public sector workers in Ghana. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 47(3), 231–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2025.2465175
Ferreira, R., Marques, A., & dos Santos, N. R. (2021). Psychological Variables Related to Corruption: A Systematic Review. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-021-00184-3
Fida, R., Ghezzi, V., Paciello, M., Tramontano, C., Dentale, F., & Barbaranelli, C. (2022). The Implicit Component of Moral Disengagement: Applying the Relational Responding Task to Investigate Its Relationship With Cheating Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48(1), 78-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220984293
Gottschalk, P. (2012). Police criminality and neutralization: an empirical study of court cases. Police Practice and Research, 13(6), 501–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.656412
Gottschalk, P (2013). Empirical Differences in Crime Categories by White-Collar Criminals. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences Vol. 5, pp 17-26. DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.5.17
Gorsira, M., Denkers, A. & Huisman, W. (2018). Both Sides of the Coin: Motives for Corruption Among Public Officials and Business Employees. J Bus Ethics 151, 179–194 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3219-2
Haddaway, N. R., Page, M. J., Pritchard, C. C., & McGuinness, L. A. (2022). PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18, e1230. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1230
Hechanova, Ma. R. M., Melgar, I., Falguera, P. Z., & Villaverde, M. (2014). Organisational Culture and Workplace Corruption in Government Hospitals. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 8(2), 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2014.5
Hooker, J N. (2009). Corruption from a cross-cultural perspective. Cross Cultural Management An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600910977346
Isaeva, E., Seki, M., & Kakinaka, M. (2026). Leader and Peer Influence: Unraveling the Impact of Ethical and Unethical Behaviors on Civil Servants’ Motivation in the Kyrgyz Republic. International Journal of Public Administration, 49(3), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2025.2464831
Jinwon Han (2025). Is the Corruption-Intolerant Person Happier? An Empirical Study of Attitudes Toward Corruption, Financial Satisfaction, and Subjective Well-Being in India. International Area Studies Review. 28(3), 223-244. https://doi.org/10.69473/iasr.2025.28.3.223.
Kaushik, M., Singh, V. & Chakravarty, S (2022). Experimental evidence of the effect of financial incentives and detection on dishonesty. Sci Rep 12, 2680. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06072-3
Kawedar, W., Handayani, R. S., & Milawati. (2025 ). Perceptions of corruption by perpetrators: An empirical analysis of the fraud triangle and attribution theories. Problems and Perspectives in Management. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.23(1).2025.39
Kencono, D,S (2013). Perempuan dan korupsi pada ranah publik (Ditinjau dari Gaya Kepemimpinan, Politik, Agama, Psikologi dan Budaya Ketimuran). Politika: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 3(2), 84-97. https://doi.org/10.14710/politika.3.2.2012.84-97
Kon, Z.S., Lim, Y.H., Choong, Y.O. et al. (2024) The influence of pressure on intention to commit fraud: the mediating role of rationalization and opportunities. Asian J Bus Ethics 13, 175–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-024-00192-x
Kusuma Putri, W. W., Rahayu, Y. P., & Arunima, A. (2021). Dark Triad Personality as Predictor of Corrupt Intention on the State Civil Apparatus. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 10(2), 376–383. https://doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v10i2.20649
Li, S., Triandis, H. C., & Yu, Y. (2006). Cultural Orientation and Corruption. Ethics & Behavior, 16(3), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb1603_2
Li, Z., X.Wang, L.Wei, and P.Jurek. (2026). “Impact of Individual and Situational Factors on Employees' Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior: Based on an FsQCA Approach.” PsyCh Journal15, no. 1: e70066. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.70066.
Lin, C., Adolphs, R., & Alvarez, R. M. (2018). Inferring Whether Officials Are Corruptible From Looking at Their Faces. Psychological Science, 29(11), 1807–1823. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26957506
Manara MU, van Gils S, Nübold A and Zijlstra FRH (2020) Corruption, Fast or Slow? Ethical Leadership Interacts With Machiavellianism to Influence Intuitive Thinking and Corruption. Front. Psychol. 11:578419. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578419
Manara MU, Nübold A, van Gils S, Zijlstra FRH (2023) Exploring the path to corruption–An informed grounded theory study on the decision-making process underlying corruption. PLoS ONE 18(9): e0291819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291819
Medvedev, D., Davenport, D., Talhelm, T. et al. The motivating effect of monetary over psychological incentives is stronger in WEIRD cultures. Nat Hum Behav 8, 456–470 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01769-5
Mengzhen, L., Sin, Y., Wan Jaafar, W. M., Mohd Khir, A., Hamsan, H. H., Yong, M. H., … Ong, C. S. (2024). Curbing Bribe-Giving in Malaysia: The Role of Attitudes and Parents. Public Integrity, 26(2), 188–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2022.2144017
Modesto, J G, Keller, VN, Saraiva, R B, & Pilati, P (2020). Belief in a corrupt world: A cross-cultural mediation model of beliefs about justice, punishment, and corruption. Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110127
Murphy, P. R & Dacin, M. T (2011). Psychological Pathways to Fraud: Understanding and Preventing Fraud in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0741-0
Nee C, Button M, Shepherd D, Blackbourn D, Leal S (2019), "The psychology of the corrupt: some preliminary findings". Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 26 No. 2 pp. 488–495, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-03-2018-0032
Olugboyega, O (2023). Examining the mediating roles of social malaise and religious manipulations in corruption manifestations: the case of the construction sector. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-14671
Ponce-Díaz, C.R., Aiquipa-Tello, J.J. & Pacheco-Luza, E.F. (2025) Psychological insight into corruption: construction and validation of the Corrupt Intention Scale (CIS). Psicol. Refl. Crít. 38, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-025-00352-3
Rabl, T., Kühlmann, T.M (2008).. Understanding Corruption in Organizations – Development and Empirical Assessment of an Action Model. Journal of Business Ethics. 82, 477–495 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9898-6
Rabl, T. (2011). The Impact of Situational Influences on Corruption in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics 100, 85–101 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0768-2
Raya-Quero, D., Navarro-Galera, A., & Sáez-Lozano, J. L. (2024). Factors influencing political corruption. An empirical research study of regional governments. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 90(1), 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523231159244
Restya, W. P. D. (2019). Corrupt behavior in a psychological perspective. Asia Pacific Fraud Journal, 4(2), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.21532/apfjournal.v4i2.113
Salama, N (2014). Motif dan Proses Psikologis Korupsi. Jurnal Psikologi https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.6946
Seuntjens, T. G., Zeelenberg, M, van de Ven, N., Breugelmans, S M. (2019). Greedy bastards: Testing the relationship between wanting more and unethical behavior. Personality and Individual Differences. 138, 147-156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.027
Shae Antonicelli, Elizabeth A. Felski; The Effect of the Dark Triad on Organizational Fraud. Journal of Forensic Accounting Research 1 December 2024; 9 (1): 155–166. https://doi.org/10.2308/JFAR-2023-033
Simpser, A (2020). The Culture of Corruption across Generations: An Empirical Study of Bribery Attitudes and Behavior. The Journal of Politics Volume 82, Number 4. https://doi.org/10.1086/708501
Stathopoulou, A., Quansah, T.K. & Balabanis, G. (2022). The Blinding Effects of Team Identification on Sports Corruption: Cross-Cultural Evidence from Sub-Saharan African Countries. J Bus Ethics 179, 511–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04822-3
Stenmark, C.K & Mumford, M.D (2011). Situational impacts on leader ethical decision-making. The Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.07.013
Stinson, P. M et al. (2016). Police Integrity Lost: A Study of Law Enforcement Officers Arrested. National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Grant Report https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249850.pdf
Sun X and Chen Y (2022) Why do people with similar levels of internal control differ in their likelihood to commit fraud? Analysis of the moderating effect of perceived opportunity to commit fraud. Front. Psychol. 13:999469. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.999469
Taewoo Nam (2018). Examining the anti-corruption effect of e-government and the moderating effect of national culture: A cross-country study. Government Information Quarterly, Volume 35, Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.01.005
Tang Y, Zhan X, Chen K (2018), "Differential leadership and organizational corruption in China: Mediating role of moral disengagement and moderating role of organizational justice". Chinese Management Studies, Vol. 12 No. 4 pp. 795–811, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-12-2017-0344
Tenku Sulaiman, T. I. N., Mahmud, F. ., Haron , H. ., Johari , F. ., Jalil , S. ., & Salleh , Z. . (2023). Factors Influencing the Intention to Commit Unethical Behaviour Among Youth in Pahang. Journal of Governance and Integrity, 6(2), 529-544. https://doi.org/10.15282/jgi.6.2.2023.9330
Wang-Sheng Lee , W.S & Guven, C (2013). Engaging in Corruption: The Influence of Cultural Values and Contagion Effects at the Micro Level. IZA Discussion Paper No. 7685. https://docs.iza.org/dp7685.pdf
Weißmüller, K. S., & Ritz, A. (2026). A Demands-Resources Model of Corruptibility: Empirical Evidence on How Moral Disengagement and Harm Awareness Regulate Civil Servants’ Moral Judgment. Review of Public Personnel Administration, https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X261417649
Yeganeh H (2014), "Culture and corruption: A concurrent application of Hofstede's, Schwartz's and Inglehart's frameworks". International Journal of Development Issues, Vol. 13 No. 1 pp. 2–24, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-04-2013-0038
Yogi Prabowo H (2014), "To be corrupt or not to be corrupt: Understanding the behavioral side of corruption in Indonesia". Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol. 17 No. 3 pp. 306–326, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-11-2013-0045
Zarichanskyi , O. (2024). Social and Individual-Psychological Factors of an Individual’s Propensity for Corrupt Behavior. Insight: The Psychological Dimensions of Society, 11, 300-320. https://doi.org/10.32999/2663-970X/2024-11-16
Zhao H, Zhang H and Xu Y (2016) Does the Dark Triad of Personality Predict Corrupt Intention? The Mediating Role of Belief in Good Luck. Frontier Psychology. 7:608. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00608
Amos, B., Longpré, N., & Roos, M. de. (2024). The Dark Triad of Personality: Attitudes and Beliefs Towards White-Collar Crime. Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime, 5(1), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/2631309X221120002
Agbo, A. A., & Iwundu, E. I. (2016). Corruption as a Propensity: Personality and Motivational Determinants Among Nigerians. The Journal of psychology, 150(4), 502–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2015.1107523
Albanese, J & Artello, K (2018). Focusing Anti-Corruption Efforts More Effectively: An Empirical Look at Offender MotivationPositive, Classical, Structural and Ethical Approaches. Advances in Applied Sociology. https://www.ojp.gov/library/publications/focusing-anti-corruption-efforts-more-effectively-empirical-look-offender
Albanese, J.S., & Artello, K. (2019). The Behavior of Corruption: An Empirical Typology of Public Corruption by Objective & Method. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 20, 7735.
Albrecht C, Albrecht C, Rabl T, Kühlmann TM (2009), "Why or why not? Rationalizing corruption in organizations". Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 16 No. 3 pp. 268–286, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600910977355
Ariffin, N A M., Hasnan, S., Ali, M M, Harymawan, I. (2023). The effect of pressure, opportunity, and rationalisation on asset misappropriation in public organisations: Evidence from emerging markets. Journal of Asian Scientific Research. 13 (4) https://doi.org/10.55493/5003.v13i4.4943
Barsky, A. (2011). Investigating the Effects of Moral Disengagement and Participation on Unethical Work Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics 104, 59–75 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0889-7
Bartz, L. (2025). Dark necessities: The influence of the dark triad, costs, and benefits on bribery intention. Psychology Hub, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.13133/2724-2943/18536
Bontis N, Bart C, Seleim A, Bontis N (2009), "The relationship between culture and corruption: a cross?national study". Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 10 No. 1 pp. 165–184, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930910922978
Charness, Get al. (2019). Cheating, Incentives, and Money Manipulation. Experimental Economics. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/experimental-economics/article/cheating-incentives-and-money-manipulation/EB5054276FD63AC58DFD1C4889CAB3CF
Clarkson, R., & Darjee, R. (2022). White-collar crime: a neglected area in forensic psychiatry?. Psychiatry, psychology, and law : an interdisciplinary journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 29(6), 926–952. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2021.1995522
DeSouza, M., Swanzy, E. K., & Agyabeng, A. N. (2025). Beyond the victims: The mental well-being cost of systemic corruption on public sector workers in Ghana. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 47(3), 231–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2025.2465175
Ferreira, R., Marques, A., & dos Santos, N. R. (2021). Psychological Variables Related to Corruption: A Systematic Review. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-021-00184-3
Fida, R., Ghezzi, V., Paciello, M., Tramontano, C., Dentale, F., & Barbaranelli, C. (2022). The Implicit Component of Moral Disengagement: Applying the Relational Responding Task to Investigate Its Relationship With Cheating Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48(1), 78-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220984293
Gottschalk, P. (2012). Police criminality and neutralization: an empirical study of court cases. Police Practice and Research, 13(6), 501–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.656412
Gottschalk, P (2013). Empirical Differences in Crime Categories by White-Collar Criminals. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences Vol. 5, pp 17-26. DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.5.17
Gorsira, M., Denkers, A. & Huisman, W. (2018). Both Sides of the Coin: Motives for Corruption Among Public Officials and Business Employees. J Bus Ethics 151, 179–194 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3219-2
Haddaway, N. R., Page, M. J., Pritchard, C. C., & McGuinness, L. A. (2022). PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18, e1230. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1230
Hechanova, Ma. R. M., Melgar, I., Falguera, P. Z., & Villaverde, M. (2014). Organisational Culture and Workplace Corruption in Government Hospitals. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 8(2), 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2014.5
Hooker, J N. (2009). Corruption from a cross-cultural perspective. Cross Cultural Management An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600910977346
Isaeva, E., Seki, M., & Kakinaka, M. (2026). Leader and Peer Influence: Unraveling the Impact of Ethical and Unethical Behaviors on Civil Servants’ Motivation in the Kyrgyz Republic. International Journal of Public Administration, 49(3), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2025.2464831
Jinwon Han (2025). Is the Corruption-Intolerant Person Happier? An Empirical Study of Attitudes Toward Corruption, Financial Satisfaction, and Subjective Well-Being in India. International Area Studies Review. 28(3), 223-244. https://doi.org/10.69473/iasr.2025.28.3.223.
Kaushik, M., Singh, V. & Chakravarty, S (2022). Experimental evidence of the effect of financial incentives and detection on dishonesty. Sci Rep 12, 2680. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06072-3
Kawedar, W., Handayani, R. S., & Milawati. (2025 ). Perceptions of corruption by perpetrators: An empirical analysis of the fraud triangle and attribution theories. Problems and Perspectives in Management. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.23(1).2025.39
Kencono, D,S (2013). Perempuan dan korupsi pada ranah publik (Ditinjau dari Gaya Kepemimpinan, Politik, Agama, Psikologi dan Budaya Ketimuran). Politika: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 3(2), 84-97. https://doi.org/10.14710/politika.3.2.2012.84-97
Kon, Z.S., Lim, Y.H., Choong, Y.O. et al. (2024) The influence of pressure on intention to commit fraud: the mediating role of rationalization and opportunities. Asian J Bus Ethics 13, 175–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-024-00192-x
Kusuma Putri, W. W., Rahayu, Y. P., & Arunima, A. (2021). Dark Triad Personality as Predictor of Corrupt Intention on the State Civil Apparatus. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 10(2), 376–383. https://doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v10i2.20649
Li, S., Triandis, H. C., & Yu, Y. (2006). Cultural Orientation and Corruption. Ethics & Behavior, 16(3), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb1603_2
Li, Z., X.Wang, L.Wei, and P.Jurek. (2026). “Impact of Individual and Situational Factors on Employees' Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior: Based on an FsQCA Approach.” PsyCh Journal15, no. 1: e70066. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.70066.
Lin, C., Adolphs, R., & Alvarez, R. M. (2018). Inferring Whether Officials Are Corruptible From Looking at Their Faces. Psychological Science, 29(11), 1807–1823. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26957506
Manara MU, van Gils S, Nübold A and Zijlstra FRH (2020) Corruption, Fast or Slow? Ethical Leadership Interacts With Machiavellianism to Influence Intuitive Thinking and Corruption. Front. Psychol. 11:578419. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578419
Manara MU, Nübold A, van Gils S, Zijlstra FRH (2023) Exploring the path to corruption–An informed grounded theory study on the decision-making process underlying corruption. PLoS ONE 18(9): e0291819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291819
Medvedev, D., Davenport, D., Talhelm, T. et al. The motivating effect of monetary over psychological incentives is stronger in WEIRD cultures. Nat Hum Behav 8, 456–470 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01769-5
Mengzhen, L., Sin, Y., Wan Jaafar, W. M., Mohd Khir, A., Hamsan, H. H., Yong, M. H., … Ong, C. S. (2024). Curbing Bribe-Giving in Malaysia: The Role of Attitudes and Parents. Public Integrity, 26(2), 188–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2022.2144017
Modesto, J G, Keller, VN, Saraiva, R B, & Pilati, P (2020). Belief in a corrupt world: A cross-cultural mediation model of beliefs about justice, punishment, and corruption. Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110127
Murphy, P. R & Dacin, M. T (2011). Psychological Pathways to Fraud: Understanding and Preventing Fraud in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0741-0
Nee C, Button M, Shepherd D, Blackbourn D, Leal S (2019), "The psychology of the corrupt: some preliminary findings". Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 26 No. 2 pp. 488–495, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-03-2018-0032
Olugboyega, O (2023). Examining the mediating roles of social malaise and religious manipulations in corruption manifestations: the case of the construction sector. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-14671
Ponce-Díaz, C.R., Aiquipa-Tello, J.J. & Pacheco-Luza, E.F. (2025) Psychological insight into corruption: construction and validation of the Corrupt Intention Scale (CIS). Psicol. Refl. Crít. 38, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-025-00352-3
Rabl, T., Kühlmann, T.M (2008).. Understanding Corruption in Organizations – Development and Empirical Assessment of an Action Model. Journal of Business Ethics. 82, 477–495 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9898-6
Rabl, T. (2011). The Impact of Situational Influences on Corruption in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics 100, 85–101 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0768-2
Raya-Quero, D., Navarro-Galera, A., & Sáez-Lozano, J. L. (2024). Factors influencing political corruption. An empirical research study of regional governments. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 90(1), 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523231159244
Restya, W. P. D. (2019). Corrupt behavior in a psychological perspective. Asia Pacific Fraud Journal, 4(2), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.21532/apfjournal.v4i2.113
Salama, N (2014). Motif dan Proses Psikologis Korupsi. Jurnal Psikologi https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.6946
Seuntjens, T. G., Zeelenberg, M, van de Ven, N., Breugelmans, S M. (2019). Greedy bastards: Testing the relationship between wanting more and unethical behavior. Personality and Individual Differences. 138, 147-156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.027
Shae Antonicelli, Elizabeth A. Felski; The Effect of the Dark Triad on Organizational Fraud. Journal of Forensic Accounting Research 1 December 2024; 9 (1): 155–166. https://doi.org/10.2308/JFAR-2023-033
Simpser, A (2020). The Culture of Corruption across Generations: An Empirical Study of Bribery Attitudes and Behavior. The Journal of Politics Volume 82, Number 4. https://doi.org/10.1086/708501
Stathopoulou, A., Quansah, T.K. & Balabanis, G. (2022). The Blinding Effects of Team Identification on Sports Corruption: Cross-Cultural Evidence from Sub-Saharan African Countries. J Bus Ethics 179, 511–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04822-3
Stenmark, C.K & Mumford, M.D (2011). Situational impacts on leader ethical decision-making. The Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.07.013
Stinson, P. M et al. (2016). Police Integrity Lost: A Study of Law Enforcement Officers Arrested. National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Grant Report https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249850.pdf
Sun X and Chen Y (2022) Why do people with similar levels of internal control differ in their likelihood to commit fraud? Analysis of the moderating effect of perceived opportunity to commit fraud. Front. Psychol. 13:999469. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.999469
Taewoo Nam (2018). Examining the anti-corruption effect of e-government and the moderating effect of national culture: A cross-country study. Government Information Quarterly, Volume 35, Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.01.005
Tang Y, Zhan X, Chen K (2018), "Differential leadership and organizational corruption in China: Mediating role of moral disengagement and moderating role of organizational justice". Chinese Management Studies, Vol. 12 No. 4 pp. 795–811, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-12-2017-0344
Tenku Sulaiman, T. I. N., Mahmud, F. ., Haron , H. ., Johari , F. ., Jalil , S. ., & Salleh , Z. . (2023). Factors Influencing the Intention to Commit Unethical Behaviour Among Youth in Pahang. Journal of Governance and Integrity, 6(2), 529-544. https://doi.org/10.15282/jgi.6.2.2023.9330
Wang-Sheng Lee , W.S & Guven, C (2013). Engaging in Corruption: The Influence of Cultural Values and Contagion Effects at the Micro Level. IZA Discussion Paper No. 7685. https://docs.iza.org/dp7685.pdf
Weißmüller, K. S., & Ritz, A. (2026). A Demands-Resources Model of Corruptibility: Empirical Evidence on How Moral Disengagement and Harm Awareness Regulate Civil Servants’ Moral Judgment. Review of Public Personnel Administration, https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X261417649
Yeganeh H (2014), "Culture and corruption: A concurrent application of Hofstede's, Schwartz's and Inglehart's frameworks". International Journal of Development Issues, Vol. 13 No. 1 pp. 2–24, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-04-2013-0038
Yogi Prabowo H (2014), "To be corrupt or not to be corrupt: Understanding the behavioral side of corruption in Indonesia". Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol. 17 No. 3 pp. 306–326, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-11-2013-0045
Zarichanskyi , O. (2024). Social and Individual-Psychological Factors of an Individual’s Propensity for Corrupt Behavior. Insight: The Psychological Dimensions of Society, 11, 300-320. https://doi.org/10.32999/2663-970X/2024-11-16
Zhao H, Zhang H and Xu Y (2016) Does the Dark Triad of Personality Predict Corrupt Intention? The Mediating Role of Belief in Good Luck. Frontier Psychology. 7:608. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00608
